Henby thomas chandlbs



Bo Drawing.

This i'nventien relaies is them of steel, and aims upartiwia 1 having new anal imgirov zi nascl'la scte 'istics, especially suitable for lug mils and races,-

mteel which am, has :c-llmi paasssses diseciigmal girriagzvrija values If the physical pra se will be (liilei'em whsn mew-med rectien 01"" rslllng, 31m: when we transvsnsely is ibis direct- .The ultimate slam 4 J its mrigln lfi tbs demlritic' 01" 0mm tiefi swimming dmil'ig solidificmlaa ingot The 'sslillii'icmilm 9f sultan Neel pwceads cilm'zx'sn n {y by dagwsltmn' abau'. lauds; 05ml :3 layers lilluftllllg sink as seams, and marllzi's W'hen Elli, iiigfit issubseq-iiemly lgllesl or fergd, these commits-6011s drawn. out in izhe dire 3151011 0'1 olliszg a: wozki ng and results a difference between transverse and lengiturlim l chemical 21.61 physical characteristics of me bar, and cm;- sequently, a difiersn-sa between transverse and lengliudiml physical structure and pro xerties.

y dlfiersnw bszween "the transverse and longitudinal prose/miss 0i steal whiv has 0am; hm we 1 metallu. ,azi designaisd by the LB-Im fiber and definition 0f the "ward. which is an? in this desaz'iption. The term fiber used lax) describe this phenomenon inasmuch as the metal helm-vesas though composed of a syirem of fibers or stratificstions becauss oithe prawns/E, nf elongated constituents, impnritiesnr clefscts The fibx'ous swucture o rolled steel. persists, and in some is acsentusted after heat twat-merit through a resulting was .tiozial ooncentmtiqn of carbides Wl'il0l1 in the citseofsteels containing free cementitcs, is 'microsseyically visible intbs farm 6f cementite-rich bands,

In eneml, the useful engineer-m wper t-is o a bar of rolled steel are better when measured longitudinally, er in the direc- 1, impact. valxm 3 .ul llisizz'ibulian a! in the functioning 03 {win is) i s infimmc? an the s 03" fi s hearing. and (an tl al 10mm; (if fills part cm)- m be steel. 7 mad zl'mir. eooperafing we subjected to heavy and fatigue, which to .the axis m? We quality 0% such a. bearinq to resist Muslim} forces is; thsrefure, lllrgely (lelermined by the values of the transverse. properties of. the bar item which they are made. No; only are the mines 0f the transv se -pr ties fil ed by five, terma strength, sh ms: villus, fatigue resistanc and Q11. mral than l e values if 61518 (303? l-cngiturlinal p'mex ts but ius the :aflses which pmu "a fir, this iliiferexaa'ez they are by 1151mm more m riabla and are to a lesser degree defined by chemical-analysis and heart-treatment fir the atlas! qualifications generally use-' 2 specify a sisal.

In the shave merzzionel bearin s, 03? 0911mm 0:5 five mlisr with Its an bearing 5 AL ma ses i r l'Ogrul the vax'iugzs' langmadlnally extend individually subsmntially parallel ilmrem and consequently fiends in pass over tlw in. dividual fibers in sequence.

These fibers ar a not equally suitable resist WERE, and the other destructive fumes acting upon the surface of the teller the race, with file re al?) that failure will start I ill; s

whats: limit Qt? andurancfi of the weakwb' fiber functioning is reached, and rapidly to extend in the desired direction. it may in spread until the'usefulnessof the part is destroyed Man. defects of rolled steel such as hairline clicks, seams, and the like which ex tend longitudinally in thebar in the directien of rolling and arelfl'e'trimental to the life anti service of s roller hearing or race.

E accomplish by causing the fibers to es i at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the roller, or of the race, or oiboth, whereby the line of contact instead ofpsss ing over each fiber separately, will act upon a plurality of adjacent fibers simultaneously.

The resistance to the destructive forces are thereby determined by the average resistance to the various fibers rather than by that of the weakest fiber.

believed to be characteristic of this invention wili be particulerl pointed out in the cla m zxgpencled hereto, t e invention itself as to its 0%. and advantages, the mode of its operatien and the manner of its or%ani zat10n msy he better understood by re errmg to the following elescri tion: in which a gcrtzcuisrqces'nmerciel em iment thereof is disit will be understood however, that the girocesses and the steps thereof may he modified in various res ts without depart ing from the breed spirit and scope of the invention In the following description and in the claim the various steps in the process and the details comprising the invention will be identified by specific names for convenience, but they are intended to be as generic in their ragoplication as the art will permit.

(ins method of prasticing this invention comprises forming a steel rodby rolling or forging in the usual manner, so as to produes longitudinally extending fibers and sub uently further working the metal by mechanically twisting the completed bar wheres the ion itudinal fibers may be caused to extend eiically-around the axis thereof" After the steel bar has thus been treated, the roiler or race is made therefrom by machining, heat=treating and grind-- ins: in the usual manner.

be physical and chemical structure of a liar thus treated consists of a mass of heii cell distributed fiber instead of the longitudmaliy glistributed fiber of the usual rolled r. The transverse axis of the bar thus treatecl therefore does not coincide with the trans verse axis of the fibers themselves, and consequently the properties of suoh'a bar in the transverse direction'are improved.

Obviously,.varions methods may be employed for im arting the above mentioned characteristics 0 a steel member, such as, for

example producing the twist by the action of the mill rolls in erder to cause the fibers their Aitheegh the novel features which are some instances be preferable to further work the member after twisting, either by for ing or additional rolling, Hot twisting 18 generally preferable to cold, anti may be advantageously done at some stage in the rolling process,

In some applications (it roller bearings, as for example, railroad car axles, a high liegree of toughness and impact resistance is required to withstand the pounding action of the Wheels on the rails in addition to the high Wear hardness neeessury to ressonable SillVlCfi In such cases it is desirable to use a steel containing free carbides imheddcll in s relatively tou 'h matrix, the carbides, due to,

hargness, sunplying the nccesssry 'WEtLFX'GSiSt-RHCQ, While the matrix is medic sufliciently strong and tough to Withstand the pounding action,

The use of such steel in the oraiinsrv roller hearing has heretofore been expensive owing to the tendency of the free carbides to precipitnte in bsns. parallel to the fiber, resultmg in a surface alternately rich en poor in carbide concentration necessitating a comparatively large rejeetion, The line of con tact between the roller and race consequentlv alternately passed over arose either deficient or too rich. in csrbi-es, and the wear Wes non-uniform and destruction was rspid;

In accordencctwith the present invention whereby the bands and fibers are caused to extend helically around the menilienthe line of contract extends et an angle te the earblcle bands, and is at all times passing cscr a in ralitymi such bends whereby the car iclc concentration along the line remains sub stantisliy constant. The fibers ere arranged more advantageously with respect to the re quirements of service, resulting in e having a ater 1 to wear, imyectl shock an suriace fatigue En edriitien; steels havingv valuable characteristics which cannot stpresent be used in hearings oi this ty e, due to their tendons to bending of car ides, are made avails 2e, end the effects of their line cra e iilg great] lessened due to their helical hon a out the axis of rotation.

This invention may be nppliecl to other structures then a steel red, as for example, the races of a roller bearing. Such races are usually formed from s. tubular member which has been heat-treated and rolled so as to reduce a structure comprising iongimdi nal y extending fibers as set {01th above ACCOIdlIlg to my invention thew fibers may be caused to extend 'helically em'nncl the surface of the roller is twisting the seine either cold or hot prior to cutting the iii) ous races therefrom, or if made from a forging, after the part is formed. The line eontaet 0f the roller passing over the surface of a raee will then erons a plurality of fibrous lines at an angle instead of, crossing eiieh fiber individually as her tofore.

Bearings emistrueted in accordance with this invention are of a more uniform quality inasmuch a many of the defects Wli'irh may eause failures in the hearingsare either eliminated or t e etleet thereof i:;-' minimi'led. Comtquently. the degree of perfection re- (1 tired in theatre] whi"h i. to he employed in Lent-lugs of this type i.-' lower than that visivh vi mid have heen required for umion. wariuam and the pereentage of lht'fltl 1- ml olitnint l in :1 given |ltil"-fi is inereitsed. ()muiusi i R hearing teel must he rigidly ir Zntfilttl "or defects and muut he dist-tinted it my marked handing appears, the pet-rent I age of a given quantity of steel which ouhl be employed for mauufai-tt'lre of heuriug would he comparatively small. The present invention. however. distrihutes any segre gated elements and redistrihutes the handinn in such a manner that the (leterimental efleet thereof is reduced to a minimum. Thus a higher Rommel-rial yield may he ohtained and the eost of production deereaxed accordingly.

A further advantageous feature of steel made in accordance withthis invention res-ides in the fact that it is more reaistant to hoek or impaets and other dresses which are applied in the transveme direction and inee the stresses in the roller-hearings ow-ur principally in that direction, the uhet'ul Utilglll of the steel is materially inrreased. It is, therefore. possible to manufaeture hearing which may be subject d to more evert' ervire. than was the une with hearing t'Olltlt!('t'tl from steel as heretofore employed. This is porticularl t' true in railroad ork where fort-es due to shock and impaet are e1-,pel"ially severe.

Although one prom 1 for making the improved produet hm lwen set forth and det'rih d and is point d out. in the claim. it is ohvioim that various hanges may he made in the proeess or in the separate steps thereof without modify ing or changing: the essential features and eharacteristies of the product produced and that such produet rt 11mins whxtantially the same although slight moditieations may he made in its appeaw ance, texture, and in its physieal and chenn ienl eharacteristics.

What i eiaimed is:

A roller bearing formed from a rod having free ear-hides in such proportion that said rod is unsuitahle for hearing PHI'JIUNPS Fititi rod heing twiet d whereby the lines of \egregation of vmid carbides extend helieully thereahout to produee a rod suitahlt tor hearing purposes.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand.

HENRY THOMAS CHANDLER. 

